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1、CCR2/CCR5 and autoimmune diseases
Chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR5, etc.) are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the incidence of atherosclerosis. These receptors help the immune cells reach the pathogenesis site, which could result in the destructive immune attack against normal tissues. A large number of experimental results show that the blocking of the ligands binding to chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR5, etc.) or the delete of receptor genes may have the effect to slow down the symptoms of autoimmune diseases of animals. Therefore, these receptors become the potential targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
However, as a number of drug R&D projects stopped in the clinical stage, developers are beginning to realize: the complexity of the signaling access for chemokine receptors and the functional redundancy has become a major obstacle to a further development of such drugs. Inhibitors with specificity for single target may not be sufficient to produce therapeutic effects which could be seen in the clinical stage, the research and development of dugs with dual targets or even more than two targets may be the direction of future development.
2、CXCR4 and HIV、tumors
CXCR4 and HIV、tumors（Leukemia(2009））
Like the CCR5 receptor, CXCR4 receptors as the Co-recepter for the virus binding are essential for HIV-1 virus to attack cells. In the meanwhile, CXCR4 is also an important target for drug development of anti-AIDS treatment.
In addition, the characteristics of CXCR4 have also let it become the new target for the treatment of leukemia and other types of tumors, The inhibition of ligands binding to CXCR4 receptor can:
① destruct the adhesion of tumor cells with matrix, which could effect the survival of tumor cells and resistance production;
② force the tumor cells to separate from the parasitic tissue, such as bone marrow, thereby enhancing the effect of Chemotherapies ;
③ block the transfer of tumor cells to other organizational parts;
④ block the paracrine signal, introduced by CXCR4 signaling pathway, which could stimulate the growth of tumor cells;
⑤ block the growth-stimulating effect of CXCR4 signaling pathway. It could be expected that CXCR4 inhibitors may have the therapeutic effect for enhancing the sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapy drugs, inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells.
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Research&Development 
